[Article] A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia.

Damian Evans*,†, Christophe Pottier‡, Roland Fletcher§, Scott Hensley¶, Ian Tapley‖, Anthony Milne**, and Michael Barbetti††

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Edited by Michael D. Coe, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and approved June 29, 2007 (received for review March 17, 2007). [PNAS September 4, 2007 vol. 104 no. 36 14277-14282]

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Abstract

The great medieval settlement of Angkor in Cambodia [9th–16th centuries Common Era (CE)] has for many years been understood as a “hydraulic city,” an urban complex defined, sustained, and ultimately overwhelmed by a complex water management network. Since the 1980s that view has been disputed, but the debate has remained unresolved because of insufficient data on the landscape beyond the great temples: the broader context of the monumental remains was only partially understood and had not been adequately mapped. Since the 1990s, French, Australian, and Cambodian teams have sought to address this empirical deficit through archaeological mapping projects by using traditional methods such as ground survey in conjunction with advanced radar remote-sensing applications in partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Here we present a major outcome of that research: a comprehensive archaeological map of greater Angkor, covering nearly 3,000 km2, prepared by the Greater Angkor Project (GAP). The map reveals a vast, low-density settlement landscape integrated by an elaborate water management network covering >1,000 km2, the most extensive urban complex of the preindustrial world. It is now clear that anthropogenic changes to the landscape were both extensive and substantial enough to have created grave challenges to the long-term viability of the settlement.

†To whom correspondence should be addressed at:

Archaeological Computing Laboratory, Madsen Building F09, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. evans@acl.arts.usyd.edu.au

Fig. 2. A new archaeological map of Greater Angkor.

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